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Scotland
Chronology of events in Scottish history
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Headlines are in brown.
Dates are in red.
Hyperlinks to other pages are in dark blue.
References and citations are in turquoise.
Context and local history are in purple.
Geographical context is in green.
1230
An idea of modern Scotland evolved in
the early thirteenth century. In 1230, the kingdom of Moray in the north was
taken.
1249
Alexander III of Scotland was crowned.
He married one of the daughters of Henry III. He did homage to the King for his
territories in England, though not Scotland.
1286
Alexander III was killed in a riding accident.
With a lack of successors, Edward I of England arbitrated and chose John
Balliol, Lord of Galloway, who was most likely to toe the English line.
The
French raised in Kent, and Edward I demanded assistance from his Scottish
vassals, but instead they made an alliance (“the Auld Alliance”) with France.
The
Scots crossed the Tweed and started the “Scottish Wars of Independence”, a precursor
to the Hundred Years War with France. The Scottish raiders were defeated and Berwick was brutally burned. The Stone of Destiny
was removed to Westminster from Scone.
1297
William
Wallace, a knight, led an uprising. He raided deep into England. Edward I,
after making peace with the French, committed a large force to Scotland and defeated
Wallace at Falkirk. He was tried for treason and executed at Smithfield.
Many
Scottish Lords paid homage to Edward, including Robert de Brus, a descendant of
the Norman and Anglo Saxon nobility with lands in
Scotland and England (for instance lands at Skelton and Cleveland where Farndales would
later settle).
1298
Robert
de Brus murdered John Comyn and proclaimed that he was king of Scots.
The English army under Edward II was defeated
at Bannockburn on 24 June 1314, which would become an end to English ambitions
in Scotland.
1320
The Declaration of Arbroath appealed to
the Pope to assert the Scots as a holy people, with a right to independence under
Robert as King – “We fight not for glory, nor riches, nor honours, but for
freedom.”
1329
After another invasion of England,
Robert Bruce died in 1329.
1332
Edward Balliol was crowned King of
Scotland with English support. Balliol ceded Lothian and Berwick to England and
p[aid homage to Edward as overlord.
The Bruce family were supported by
France.