Earl Siward of Northumbria

Earl of Northumbria from 1033

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Cnut chose a fellow Dane, Siward, as his Yorkshire Earl.

Siward:

· Conquered the northern parts of Northumbria

· Led armies into Cumbria

· Attacked Scotland and defeated Macbeth

1041

Siward entrenched his position in northern England by marrying Ælfflæd, the daughter of Ealdred, Earl of Bamburgh. After killing Ealdred's successor Eadulf in 1041, Siward gained control of all Northumbria.

1050s

He supported Cnut's successors Harthacnut and Edward with vital military aid and counsel, and probably gained control of the middle shires of Northampton and Huntingdon by the 1050s.

There is some evidence that he spread Northumbrian control into Cumberland. In the early 1050s,

1054

Siward turned against the Scottish king Mac Bethad mac Findlaích ("Macbeth"). Despite the death of his son Osbjorn, Siward defeated Mac Bethad in battle in 1054.

Shakespeare’s portrayal

In Shakespeare’s Macbeth, Siward is a valiant and honourable character. He is the Earl of Northumberland and a loyal supporter of King Duncan. Siward is introduced in Act 4, Scene 3, when he arrives with his troops to join Malcolm and Macduff in their mission to overthrow Macbeth. Siward is portrayed as a fearless warrior, renowned for his bravery and military prowess. He is described as a "soldier full of strange oaths" and is known for leading his men into battle with great courage. Siward's dedication to duty and his unwavering loyalty to his king are evident throughout the play. One of Siward's most notable moments in the play is when he receives news of his son's death in the battle against Macbeth's forces. Despite his grief, Siward remains resolute and determined to avenge his son's death. This showcases his strong sense of honor and duty. Siward plays a crucial role in the final battle against Macbeth at Dunsinane. Alongside his son, Young Siward, he leads his men into battle with great ferocity. Siward's leadership skills and strategic thinking are evident as he helps to coordinate the attack on Macbeth's stronghold. During the battle, Siward displays his fearless nature, fighting valiantly against Macbeth's forces. He is described as a "lion" on the battlefield, slaying many of his enemies. However, despite his best efforts, Siward is unable to personally confront Macbeth. Siward's ultimate goal is to restore order and bring peace to Scotland by overthrowing Macbeth. He fights not only for his king but also for the greater good of the country. Siward's unwavering dedication and bravery make him a respected character in the play. In conclusion, Siward is a valiant and honorable character in Macbeth. His loyalty to King Duncan and his dedication to duty are admirable traits. Siward's role in the final battle against Macbeth showcases his courage and leadership skills. Despite his grief over his son's death, Siward remains focused on his mission to restore order and bring peace to Scotland. His unwavering bravery and commitment make him one of the most memorable characters in the play.

Thither Macduff Is gone to pray the holy king upon his aid To wake Northumberland and warlike Siward That, by the help of these (with Him above To ratify the work), we may again Give to our tables meat, sleep to our nights, Free from our feasts and banquets bloody knives (Act 3, Scene 6)

Be ’t their comfort We are coming thither. Gracious England hath Lent us good Siward and ten thousand men; An older and a better soldier none That Christendom gives out. (Act 4, Scene 3)

His uncle Siward, and the good Macduff. Revenges burn in them, for their dear causes (Act 5, Scene 2)

1055

Siward died in 1055, leaving one son, Waltheof, who would eventually succeed to Northumbria. St Olave's church in York and nearby Heslington Hill are associated with Siward.

He was buried at St Olave’s Church, which he had built, just north of York’s walled boundary.

Siward’s son, Waltheof was too young to become Earl of Northumbria. King Edward chose Tostig, son of Earl Godwin of Wessex to succeed Siward.

Earl Tostig had the supporters of his rival, Gospatrick of Bamburgh – Gamal son of Orm, and Ulf son of Dolfin, killed in York in 1053.

Tostig then sought to increase taxation which prompted opposition. The Northumberland folk revolted in 1065 and marched on York and Tostig’s Danish housecarfs (a force of about 200) were destroyed near the Humber. Tostig was outlawed.