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A history of Cleveland
The history of Cleveland with a focus on the historical information relevant to the history of the Farndale family
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Introduction
Dates are in red.
Hyperlinks to other pages are in dark blue.
Headlines of the history of Cleveland
are in brown.
References and citations are in turquoise.
Contextual history is in purple.
This webpage about Cleveland has the following
section headings:
·
The
Farndales of Cleveland
·
Cleveland,
Overview
·
Cleveland
Timeline
·
People of
Cleveland
·
Links, texts and books
The Farndales of Cleveland
We don’t find
any evidence of Farndales in Cleveland before 1572.
After 1572, we find almost all Farndales, and all Farndales who are ancestors
of the Kilton lines from which I and most others descend, in Cleveland. So we have to explain how the Farndales who had become
concentrated solely south of the North York Moors before the first record in
1572, came to move into Cleveland, such that they were predominantly clustered
north of the North York Moors after 1572.
It is believed
that Nicholas Farndale (FAR00059)
and Agnes Farndale (FAR00060),
who both died in Kirkleatham, were born in Campsall or thereabouts, around
Doncaster, perhaps in about 1512 and 1516 respectively. If so, they were likely
descended from William Farndale (FAR00038),
the Vicar of Doncaster, or at least from his wider family (his brother
perhaps). William Farndale junior (FAR00063)
was born in say 1538, and Jean Farndale (FAR00064)
in say 1540 to Nicholas and Agnes. William Farndale married Mary Atkinson at
the Church of St Mary Magdalene in Campsall in 1564. Between 1564 and 1567, the
family moved to Kirkleatham. We don’t know why. Maybe that was Agnes’ ancestral
home. Perhaps more likely Jean had met Richard Fairly, a relatively well established fellow, whose family were Scottish, but who
had more recently become associated with Cleveland and Kirkleatham. Perhaps the
family saw opportunities by a move north. On 16 October 1567, Jean married
Richard Fairley in Kirkleatham. The family lived generally at Kirkleatham until
Nicholas and Anne’s death in 1572 and 1586, though William had by then
realigned slightly eastward, to Skelton. This established
the family tree for the Doncaster-Kirkleatham-Skelton
Line of Farndales.
Thus, in the
mid sixteenth century, the family ventured north of the North York Moors and
became focused around Cleveland. If there is a town in the early recorded
history of the modern Farndales, which is focal to the history of the Farndale
family, it is Kilton.
The family
started to be associated with the Cleveland towns and villages of Boosbeck, Brotton, Coatham, near Charltons, Great Ayton, Guisborough,
especially at Kilton,
Kirkleatham, Liverton, Loftus, Lythe, Middlesborough, Moorsholm, Redcar, Saltburn by the Sea, Skelton, Stokesley, Tidkinhow and Whitby.
Two Farndale families emerged around Scarborough.
By 1733, a large group of the family
emerged around Ampleforth.
Cleveland
Cleveland is a land of hills and dales
from the River Tees to Vale of Pickering. The name means “cliff-land”. The area
corresponds to the former Langbaurgh Wapentake. The North York Moors national
park, established in 1952, covers part of it.
The Cleveland Hills were key suppliers
of the ironstone which was essential to running blast furnaces alongside the River Tees. Cleveland’s rich ore has created a significant
industrial heritage arising from its central role in the nineteenth century
iron boom that led to Middlesbrough growing from a hamlet into a major
industrial town in only a matter of decades.
Cleveland from Jeffrey’s Large map of Yorkshire
Cleveland Timeline
1242
Danby Castle and Park
are mentioned in 1242. Danby Castle evolved to be the first fortified house
built around a central courtyard by Sir William Latimer. It was once the home
of Katherine Parr, who married Henry VIII.
1349
The Black Death swept
through Cleveland and killed two thirds of the population. New graveyards were
made at Ayton, Wilton, Seamer and other places.
1536
The Pilgrimage of Grace
was a rebellion in Yorkshire following Henry VIII’s dissolution of the
monasteries. Sir John Bulmer of Wilton was hanged and his wife was buirnt at
the stake. George Lumley of Kiltonj was executed.
1561
Guisborough Grammar
School was founded by Robert Pursglove, the last Prior of Guisborough.
1590
Yarm
Grammar School was established.
1595
There were signs of
thje future industrial revolution in Cleveland by 1595. Sir Thomas Chaloner
established alum works at Belman Banks.
1616
1623
The estate of
Kirjkleatham and Kirtkleatjham Hall were purhcased by John Turner, whop was the
brother in law of John Pepys daughter, Jane.
1625
Marske Hall was built
by Sir William Pennyman who was a Royalist. He resisted the landing ofg the
Roundhead ship Rainbow, but later lost his estates as a result.
1657
Roberyrt Conyers, a
gentleman of Guisborough, was charged with ‘certain detestable arts called
witchcraft’.
1832
Local boundaries in
1832
People of Cleveland
The Whartons
John Wharton
was born John Hall-Stevenson (21 June 1765 – 29 May 1843). He was a British
landowner and MP. He was born the eldest son of John William Hall-Stevenson of
Skelton. His father was the same John Hall-Stevenson (1718 to March 1785), also
known as John Hall, a country gentleman and writer, who used to ride chariots
on the Saltburn sands. John Wharton was educated at the Royal School, Armagh,
Trinity College, Dublin and Lincoln's Inn. He
succeeded his father in 1786, and inherited the
ruinous Skelton Castle. In 1788 he took the surname of Wharton when he
succeeded to the fortune and estates of his aunt Mrs Margaret Wharton. He then
demolished the old Skelton Castle and between 1788 and 1817 built a similarly
named Gothic country house in its place. He served as the Whig MP for Beverley
from 1790 to 1796 and again from 1802 to 1826. By 1829 he was in debt and spent
the next 14 years in the Fleet Debtors Prison, where he died childless in 1843.
He had married Susan Mary Anne, the daughter of General John Lambton of
Lambton, County Durham. They had two daughters who both predeceased him and was
succeeded by his nephew, John Thomas Wharton.
Bolcklow and Vaughan
Bolckow, Vaughan & Co Limited was an
English ironmaking and mining company founded in 1864 with capital of £2.5M,
making it the largest company ever formed up to that time.
It was founded
as a partnership in 1840 by Henry Bolckow and John
Vaughan. In 1846, Bolckow and Vaughan built their
first blast furnaces at Witton Park, founding the Witton Park Ironworks. The
works used coal from Witton Park Colliery to make coke, and ironstone from
Whitby on the coast. The pig iron produced at Witton was transported to Middlesbrough
for further forging or casting. In 1850, Vaughan and his mining geologist, John
Marley discovered iron ore, conveniently situated near Eston in the Cleveland Hills.
Unknown to anyone at the time, this vein was part of the Cleveland Ironstone
Formation, which was already being mined in Grosmont
by Losh, Wilson and Bell. To make use of the ore being mined at Eston, in 1851 Bolckow and Vaughan built a blast furnace at nearby South
Bank, Middlesbrough, to make use of the ore from nearby Eston, enabling the
entire process from rock to finished products to be carried out in one place.
It was the first to be built on Teesside, on what was later nicknamed "the
Steel River".
Middlesbrough
grew from 40 inhabitants in 1829 to 7,600 in 1851, 19,000 in 1861 and 40,000 in
1871, fuelled by the iron industry. The firm drove the dramatic growth of
Middlesbrough and the production of coal and iron in the north-east of England
in the nineteenth century.
By 1864, the
assets of the business included iron mines, collieries, and limestone quarries
in Cleveland, County Durham and Weardale and had iron and steel works extending
over 700 acres (280 ha) along the banks of the River
Tees.
Vaughan died in
1868. The Institution of Civil Engineers, in their obituary, commented on the
relationship between Vaughan and Bolckow: "There
was indeed something remarkable in the thorough division of labour in the
management of the affairs of the firm. While possessing the most unbounded
confidence in each other, the two partners never interfered in the slightest
degree with each other's work. Mr. Bolckow had the
entire management of the financial department, while Mr. Vaughan as worthily
controlled the practical work of the establishment."
Chris Scott Wilson has written more about Bolckow, Vaughan & Co.
Joseph Pease was a Quaker, born on 22
June 1799 into a wealthy family. He initially worked in the wool factories at
Darlington owned by his father, Edward Pease who also partnered George
Stephenson in his engine factory at Walker, Newcastle, and was a board member
of the Stockton & Darlington Railway where he became known as the ‘Father
of the Railways’.
Joseph became treasurer of the
Stockton & Darlington Railway at the age of 25. With the railway in
need of expansion and a more convenient port necessary to export the harvest of
the Durham coalfields, the company sought a site for a terminus on the lower
Tees. Further up, the river was treacherous and almost unnavigable, only small
craft of shallow draught capable of reaching Stockton and Yarm. The new port
was to be called Port Darlington. In the face of heavy opposition from Stockton
and Yarm industrialists, who knew a new port lower down the river would steal
much of their business, it was Joseph Pease who became prime mover in lobbying
parliament to grant the necessary Act for the Middlesbrough Railway Extension.
With his five sons and his brother
Henry, he formed a company called Pease & Partners. By 1840 when
Middlesbrough showed signs of stagnating, it was clearly in his interest as one
of The Owners and as a director of Pease & Partners to attract alternative
industry. The move he made was to offer Henry Bolckow
and John Vaughan land on easy terms and give them letters of introduction
when they started their iron business.
Joseph was elected to Parliament in
1832, representing South Durham, and became the first Quaker to sit in the
Commons. He campaigned against corruption and slavery while
fervently supporting human rights and religious freedom. He proposed and
carried a clause in the Metropolitan Police Bill prohibiting the common
pastimes of bull and bear baiting, and also sat on
many committees dealing with industry. Re-elected in 1835 and 1837 he
eventually resigned from parliament in 1841 because of heavy business commitments.
As the railways pushed east beyond
Redcar, Pease & Partners expanded into ironstone mining. In 1853
they opened the Hutton Lowcross mine near Guisborough. Soon, they owned
Upleatham, Skinningrove and Hob Hill (Saltburn) mines, between them annually
producing almost a million tonnes of ore. By 1875, eight and a half million
tonnes of ironstone, limestone, coal and coke were
being transported, most of which was used in Teesside’s iron industry.
Joseph Pease was fond of the Cleveland
coast. Shortly after retiring from parliament, in 1844 he bought several
fishermen’s cottages on the seafront at Marske, demolished them then
used the site to build Cliff House where his family spent their summers.
It was from there one afternoon in 1859
his brother Henry took a stroll over the sandbanks to discover the old
village of Saltburn. Returning breathless, he stated his intention to
build a new town on top of the cliff. With some help from brother Joseph
and the Stockton & Darlington Railway, he succeeded, naming it Saltburn
by the Sea.
Links, texts and
books
