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The Farndale Timeline 1 The Middle Ages 1000 CE to 1600
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The colour
code key to this page:
Dates
in red.
Kings
and Queens in Blue.
Key National Events in Orange
Feudal
history impacting on Farndale history in purple (the history of the feudal
overlords).
Farndale history in green.
A
preliminary note about Kirkbymoorside (Chirchebi)
Kirkbymoorside
lies only 25 miles from of York.
The
name Kirkbymoorside suggests one of the key reasons for the settlement’s
establishment was the shelter offered by the southern slopes of the moors into
which the town nestles. The Ancient Britons left behind flint and stone axes,
and traces of their Celtic language in the street names of Tinley Garth
(garden) and Howe End (a ’howe’ being a burial mound). Anglo-Saxon and Viking
artefacts include a silver coin dating from around 790, found within the
grounds of the parish church of All Saints.
At
the time of the Conquest, the estate was referred to as Chirchebi.
About
1030
Orm
Gamalson was probably given the land of
Kirkbymoorside which included the then unknown forested land which is now
Farndale by King Cnut (1016-1035). Orm was prominent in Northumbria in the
middle years of the eleventh century. He married into the leading aristocratic
clan of the region. His wife Aethelthryth was the daughter of Ealdred, Earl of
Northumbria in the mid eleventh century. His brother in law
was Siward, Earl of Northumbria until 1055, famous for his exploits against
Macbeth, the King of Scots.
1055
to 1065
The
sundial over the entrance to St Gregory’s Church, Kirkdale reads “Orm the son
of Gamel acquired St Gregory’s Church when it was completely ruined and
collapsed, and he had it built anew from the ground to Christ and to St Gregory
in the days of King Edward and in the days of Earl Tostig”.
King
Edward referred to in the panel is King Edward the Confessor (1042 to 1066).
Tostig, the son of Earl Godwin of Wessex and brother of Harold II, the last
Anglo Saxon King of England was the Earl of Northumbria between 1055 and 1065.
It was therefore in the course of that decade that
Orm, son of Gamel rebuilt St Gregory’s Church.
The
land of Kirkbymoorside was called Chirchebi. It appears in the Domesday Book, recording
that it past after the conquest from Orm to Hugh Fitz Badric:
The
Domesday Book provides us with the following facts at 1086: 10 villagers. 1
priest. Land and resources Ploughland: 2 ploughlands. 2 lord's plough teams. 3
men's plough teams. Other resources: 1 mill, value 4 shillings. 1 church.
Tenant-in-chief in 1086: Hugh son of Baldric. Lord in
1086: Hugh son of Baldric. Lord in 1066: Orm (son of
Gamal).
So
presumably just before the conquest the land of Chirchebi, which was to become
Kirkbymoorside, and which included the land that would become known in time as
Farndale, had a settlement around the church of St Gregory at Kirkdale, with a
couple of ploughed fields.
The
Victoria History of Yorkshire suggests that before the Conquest Orm held 5
carucates of land in Kirkbymoorside. A carucate or carrucate
(Latin, carrūcāta or carūcāta)
was a medieval unit of land area approximating the land a plough team of eight
oxen could till in a single annual season. Presumably this is therefore
describing the area of ploughed fields, with the wider area of the estate,
stretching through forests and Farndale and Bransdale, was vast.
It
is suggested that In 1086 the great multiple estate of
Kirkbymoorside, which passed in the possession of Hugh Fitz Baldric after the
Conquest, was said to be 12 leagues long.
1066
The Norman Conquest. William defeated Harold at the
Battle of Hastings, but the north of England remains unsubdued.
The
House of Normandy, 1066-1154
William
I (the Conqueror), 1066-1087
William
the Conqueror redistributed land, granting tracts of land to his Norman
supporters and to the church.
Norman
barons often adopted the name of their lands in England as surnames.
1069
to 1070
The
Harrying of the North.
1070
Domesday Book
published.
The manor and Estate of
Kirkbymoorside has passed to High Fitz Baldric.
In England Hugh son of
Baldric was an important tenant-in-chief in Yorkshire, and to a smaller extent
in Lincolnshire; he also held two manors in Nottinghamshire, single holdings in
Wiltshire and Berkshire, and interests in four holdings in Hampshire. In Yorkshire
Hugh son of Baldric held about 50 manors with many berewicks
and sokeland, assessed at approximately 410
carucates.
But Hugh Fitz Baldric died
at his hometown of Cottingham in 1086.
The greater part of these
holdings passed, presumably by royal grant, to Robert de Stuteville. 'The
estates of Hugh son of Baldric, Domesday lord of Cottingham, were divided after
his death and the bulk of his lands in Yorkshire passed to Robert I de Stuteville.'
Ivor John Sanders, English Baronies: A Study of Their Origins and Descent
1086-1327
Kirkbymoorside passed to
Robert de Stuteville.
William
II (Rufus), 1087-1100
1096
Henry
I, 1100-1135
The start of the Guild system to protect trade, set
prices and offer apprenticeships.
Population reaches about 2 million.
The de Stutevilles were
deprived of the estate in 1106 when it was granted to Nigel d’Aubigny,
one of Henry I’s “new men”.
The relevant estate
including Kirkbymoorside passed to Nigel d'Aubigny
(Neel d'Aubigny or Nigel de Albini, died 1129), who
was a Norman Lord and English baron who was the son of Roger d'Aubigny and Amice or Avice de Mowbray. His paternal uncle
William was lord of Aubigny, while his father was an avid supporter of Henry I
of England. His brother William d'Aubigny Pincerna was the king's Butler and father of the 1st Earl
of Arundel. He was the founder of the noble House of Mowbray.
He is described as
"one of the most favoured of Henry's 'new men'". While he entered the
king's service as a household knight and brother of the king's butler, William d'Aubigny, in the years following the Battle of Tinchebrai
in 1106 Nigel was rewarded by Henry with marriage to an heiress who brought him
lordship in Normandy and with the lands of several men, primarily that of
Robert de Stuteville. The Mowbray honour became one of the wealthiest estates
in Norman England. From 1107 to about 1118, Nigel served as a royal official in
Yorkshire and Northumberland. In the last decade of his life
he was frequently traveling with Henry I, most likely as one of the king's
trusted military and administrative advisors.
Nigel's first marriage,
after 1107, was to Matilda de L'Aigle, whose prior
marriage to the disgraced and imprisoned Robert de Mowbray, Earl of
Northumbria, had been annulled based on consanguinity. She brought to the
marriage with Nigel her ex-husband's lordship of Montbray
(Mowbray).
Following a decade of
childless marriage and the death of her powerful brother, Nigel in turn
repudiated Matilda based on his consanguinity with her former husband, and in
June 1118 Nigel married to Gundred de Gournay (died
1155), daughter of Gerard de Gournay and his wife Edith de Warenne,
and hence granddaughter of William de Warenne, 1st
Earl of Surrey. Nigel and Gundred had son who would
be known as Roger de Mowbray after the former Mowbray lands he would inherit
from his father, and he was progenitor of the later noble Mowbray family.
1128
First Cistercian abbey at Waverley.
Nigel died in Normandy,
possibly at the abbey of Bec in 1129.
Gundreda administered the estate on behalf of her under aged son Roger
de Mowbray.
It was she who granted the
whole of Welburn and Skiplam together with the
western side of Bransdale to Rievaulx Abbey, who developed the whole area as a
series of granges and cotes, including Colt House and Stirk House in Bransdale.
1130
Financial records kept by the Exchequer for the Crown,
known as the Pipe
Rolls, recording Exchequer payments and names
of tenants.
Surnames began to be used more widely to
assert rights to hereditary property.
Stephen,
1135-1154
Sir Roger de Mowbray
(c. 1120–1188) was an Anglo-Norman magnate. He had substantial English
landholdings. A supporter of King Stephen, with whom he was captured at Lincoln
in 1141, he rebelled against Henry II. He made multiple religious foundations
in Yorkshire. He took part in the Second Crusade and later returned to the Holy
Land, where he was captured and died in 1187.
Roger was the son of Nigel
d'Aubigny by his second wife, Gundreda
de Gournay. On his father's death in 1129 he became a ward of the crown. Based
at Thirsk with his mother, on reaching his majority in 1138, he took title to
the lands awarded to his father by Henry I both in Normandy including Montbray, from which he would adopt his surname, as well as
the substantial holdings in Yorkshire and around Melton.
Soon after, in 1138, he
participated in the Battle of the Standard against the Scots and, according to
Aelred of Rievaulx, acquitted himself honourably. Thereafter, Roger's military
fortunes were mixed. Whilst acknowledged as a competent and prodigious fighter,
he generally found himself on the losing side in his subsequent engagements.
During the anarchic reign
of King Stephen Roger de Mowbray was captured with Stephen at the battle of
Lincoln in 1141. Soon after his release, Roger married Alice de Gant (d.
c. 1181), widow of Ilbert de Lacy and daughter of Walter de Gant. Roger and
Alice had two sons, Nigel and Robert. Roger also had
at least one daughter, donating his lands at Granville to the Abbaye aux Dames
in Caen when she became a nun there.
1144
In 1147, he was one of the
few English nobles to join Louis VII of France on the Second Crusade. He gained
further acclaim, according to John of Hexham, defeating a Muslim leader in
single combat.
The
Plantagenets, 1154-1399
Henry
II, 1154-1189
Roger de Mowbray, son of
Niel Daubeney, grantee of the Stuteville lands, was holding Kirkby Moorside.
Robert de Stuteville,
grandson of the first Robert, laid claim to the barony.
Roger gave him Kirkby
Moorside for 10 knights’ fees in satisfaction of his claim. This arrangement
however was not ratified in the King’s courts.
The
first reference to Farndale, the place
It was only to be expected
that the monks would seek to extend their properties into the Mowbray
territories further east and at some time before 1155, Roger, granted them a
wood in Farndale called Midelhoved, ie middle head, and another word called Duvanesthuat,
probably near Duffin Stone Farm at the northwestern end of the dale, together
with common pasture rights and permission to take building timber and wood for
those who stay there. Duvanesthuat embodies an Irish
Norse personal name, but there is nothing to suggest that it was a functioning
settlement by the mid 12th century. The whole area
was regarded as a private forest of the Mowbrays. The grant was made “saving
Roger’s wild beasts”, and it seems to have been anticipated that the monks
would want to build a new dwelling there, probably to use as a grange or cote.
Two
clearings in the valley of Farndale (Midelhovet and Duvansesthuat) were granted by Roger de Mowbray to the
Abbey and monks of Rievaulx Abbey. By it Roger bestowed upon the Monastery, ‘….Midelhovet, that clearing in
Farndale where the hermit Edmund used to dwell; and another clearing which is
called ‘Duvanesthuat’ and common of pasture in the
same valley of Farndale….’
Probably refers to Middle Head and Duffin Stone.
Edmund the Hermit used to dwell in Farndale. Edmund the
hermit of Farndale was a legendary figure who lived in a cave in the North York
Moors in the 12th century. He was said to be a holy man who performed miracles
and healed the sick. He was also reputed to be a descendant of King Alfred the
Great and a cousin of King Stephen. However, there is no historical evidence to
support his existence or his royal lineage. He may have been a fictional
character created by local monks to attract pilgrims and donations to their
monastery. Alternatively, he may have been based on a real person who lived in
the cave, but whose identity and story were embellished over time. Some
scholars have suggested that he may have been a Norman knight who fled to the
cave after the Battle of the Standard in 1138, or a Saxon rebel who resisted
the Norman conquest. The cave where Edmund supposedly lived is known as Hob
Hole and is located near Westerdale in Farndale. It is a natural limestone cave
that has been enlarged by human activity. It has two chambers, one of which may
have served as a chapel. The cave is now a scheduled monument and is protected
by law. You can see some photos of the cave.
1155
The weavers were granted a royal charter, the oldest
livery company in London.
1161
The abolition of the Danegeld tax, first raised in 991
to pay off Viking raiders.
Roger de Mowbray was
compelled to hand back Kirkbymoorside along with many other fees. The Stutevilles favoured the Benedictine
monks of Saint Mary's Abbey, York, and their own small House of nuns founded at
Keldholme, near Kirkbymoorside. Rievaulx Abbey was unable to sustain its claim
to the Farndale property and a little before 1166 Robert De Stuteville granted
to Keldholme Priory timber and wood in Farndale, together with a vaccary,
pasture and cultivated land in East Bransdale. This implies some earlier
settlements, but not very much. The Keldholme property in
Bransdale, which can still be identified in the survey of 1610, never amounted
to more than 40 or 50 acres at Cockayn at the head of
the valley. At about the same time Robert gave to Saint Mary's Abbey, who held
the nearby Manor of Spaunton, as much timber and wood as they required together
with pasture and pannage of pigs in Farndale. All the documents mentioned so far
clearly indicate that Farndale was regularly primarily as a resource of timber
and pasture in the mid 12th century, with little
evidence of settlement.
1170
London’s population was about 30,000.
Roger supported the Revolt of 1173–74 against Henry II and
fought with his sons, Nigel and Robert, but they were
defeated at Kinardferry, Kirkby Malzeard
and Thirsk.
1185
Henry II’s enquiry into assets and status of widows and
wards, Rotuli de Dominabus
et Pueris et Puellis de XII
Comitatibus.
The Templars’ enquiries into land
holdings, Rotuli de Dominabus.
The earliest recorded windmill built at Weedley in Yorkshire.
Roger left for the Holy
Land again in 1186, but encountered further misfortune being captured at the
Battle of Hattin in 1187. His ransom was met by the Templars, but he died soon
after and, according to some accounts, was buried at Tyre in Palestine. There
is, however, some controversy surrounding his death and burial and final
resting-place.
1187
The Feet of Fines,
judgements pertaining to land ownership, began.
Richard
I (The Lionheart), 1189-1199
1188
Saladin Tithe levied in England to fund the Third
Crusade.
Richard I (The Lionheart), 1189-1199
1189 to 1192
Carlisle came under English rule in 1192.
The House of Mowbray, the
senior line of which would become Barons Mowbray, descended from Roger's son
Nigel, who died on crusade at Acre in 1191.
1194
Eyre
Rolls recording legal cases across England.
1198
Liber Feodorum, a list of feudal landholdings.
King
John, 1199-1216
Charter Rolls began recording royal grants issued by
the Chancery.
Manorial
records include administrative details of estates.
Population
reaches about 3.5 million.
A dispute broke out again
between William de Stuteville, son of Robert and William de Mowbray, grandson
of Roger.
Background:
·
Robert II of Stuteville was
born about 1084 in Yorkshire. Son of Robert (Estouteville)
d'Estouteville I. Brother of Nicolas I (Estouteville) Stuteville and Emma (Estouteville)
de Grentmesnil. Husband of Erneburge
(Fitzbaldric) Stuteville. Husband of Jeanne (Talbot)
de Stuteville. Father of Burga (Stuteville) Pantulf,
Nicholas (Stuteville) de Stuteville, Alice (Stuteville) Fleming, Osmund
(Stuteville) de Stuteville, John (Stuteville) de Stuteville, Patrick
(Stuteville) de Stuteville and Robert (Stuteville) de Stuteville III. Not believed
to have held lands in England. A supporter of Robert Curthose with his father,
he was captured at St.Pierre-sur-Dive
shortly before the battle of Tinchebrai. Died after 1138 after about age 54 in
Cottingham, Yorkshire.
·
Robert III de Stuteville Baron of Cottingham. Robert III de Stuteville was son of Robert II de Stuteville
(from Estouteville in Normandy), one of the northern
barons who commanded the English at the battle of the Standard in August 1138.
His grandfather, Robert Grundebeof, had supported
Robert of Normandy at the battle of Tinchebray in
1106, where he was taken captive and kept in prison for the rest of his life.
Robert de Stuteville, the third, occurs as witness to a charter of Henry II of
England on 8 January 1158 at Newcastle-on-Tyne. He was a justice itinerant in
the counties of Cumberland and Northumberland in 1170–1171, and High Sheriff of
Yorkshire from Easter 1170 to Easter 1175. The King's Knaresborough Castle and
Appleby Castle were in his custody in April 1174, when they were captured by David
of Scotland, Earl of Huntingdon. Stuteville, with his brothers and sons, was
active in support of the king during the war of 1174, and he took a prominent
part in the capture of William the Lion at Alnwick on 13 July (Rog. Hov. ii. 60). He was one of the witnesses to the Spanish
award on 16 March 1177, and from 1174 to 1181 was constantly in attendance on
the king, both in England and abroad. Stuteville by his wife, Helewise de Murdac, had two sons William and Nicholas and two
daughters, Burga, who was married to William de Vesci and Helewise, who was
married firstly to William de Lancaster, secondly to Hugh de Morville and
thirdly to William de Greystoke. He may have also had sons Robert, Eustace and Osmund. Robert de Stuteville was probably
brother of the Roger de Stuteville who was sheriff of Northumberland from 1170
to 1185, and defended Wark on Tweed Castle against
William the Lion in 1174. Roger received charge of Edinburgh Castle in 1177,
and he built the first Burton Agnes Manor House. However
Roger may have been his kinsman, not his brother, as son of Osmund de
Stuteville (b. about 1125, of Burton Agnes, Yorkshire, England, d. before Sep
1202) and his wife (m. abt 1146) Isabel de Gressinghall, daughter of William Fitz Roger de Gressinghall. He is the probable founder of the nunneries
of Keldholme and Rosedale, Yorkshire, and was a benefactor of Rievaulx Abbey.
He seems to have died in the early part of 1186. He claimed the barony, which
had been forfeited by his grandfather, from Roger de Mowbray, who by way of
compromise gave him Kirby Moorside.
Finally William de Mowbray confirmed the previous agreement and gave 9
knights’ fees in augmentum.
Henceforward Kirkby
Moorside was held of the Mowbrays by the heirs of the Stutevilles until the end
of the 14th century.
1202 to 1204
1202
The Patent Rolls, provide a record of royal
correspondence and helps to trace individuals in the Middle Ages.
1204
Close Rolls recorded grants made by the monarch to
individuals or groups.
1209
The forest of Farndale,
1209-1211 (FAR00003).
Rights to Nicholas de
Stuteville in the Royal Forest of Farndale. Entries in the Pipe Roll 1209, 1210 and 1211 refer to
granting rights in the forest of Farndale to Nicholas de Stuteville by the
Abbot of York in the reign of King John and disputes that arose therefrom.
1213 to 1221
1215
Joan de Stuteville,
heiress of Cottingham, born 1216. She was the daughter of Nicholas II de
Stuteville and Devorguilla of Galloway, wife of Hugh
Wake, feudal lord of Bourne and Hugh Bigod, Chief Justice of England, mother of
Nicholas Wake, Sir; Sir Hugh Wake; Sir Baldwin Wake, III, Lord of Bourne; Joan
Burnet; Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk and 2 others, the sister of Margaret
de Stuteville, the half sister of Nicholas III de
Stuteville. This Joan,
better known as the "Fair Maid of Kent," [not sure this is right
- see below] survived her husband, and, resuming her maiden name, left
the barony to her son, Baldwin de Wake. The impression of her seal bore the
device of a lady riding on horseback sideways, a style which she is said to
have been the first to adopt. The Wake line ended in three co-heiresses, one of
whom married the Earl of Westmoreland, who succeeded to the barony of Kirbymoorside, and it remained in the possession of this
family until 1570.
She died on or about 6
April 1276.
Henry
III, 1216-1272
1221
Dominicans (black
friars) began to arrive in England.
1224
Franciscans (grey
friars) began to arrive in England.
1225
Unfortunately the
records relating to Farndale are then silent for a century or more after the
Rievaulx entries of 1154.
But in 1225, Pastures at Farendal,
1225 and 1227 (FAR00005). Entries in the Curia Regis for 1225 and 1227 refer to Nicholas de
Stuteville and pastures at Hoton (Hutton), Spaunton
and Farendal.
1228 to 1229
1229
The forest of Farndale, 1229-1255
(FAR00004).
More reference to the Royal Forest of Farndale. Entries
in the Close Roll for 1229, 1253 and
1255 refer to the forest of Farndale as an antique forest and the rights of
Hugh de Bigod are defined in it. In 1229 Henry III decreed, ‘the whole of the
forest of Galtres and the forest between the Ouse and
the Derwent, and the forest of Farndale, are ancient forests.’ But the forest
was not much used. There is a possibility that Edward II once visited but no
other monarch seems to have ventured there.
Assarting
was clearly proceeding apace in the middle decades of the 13th century, since
Lady Joan de Stuteville successfully prosecuted the Abbot of Saint Mary's,
York, for exceeding her rights of taking wood in Farndale by actually
assarting 100 acres of land.
Assarting
is the act of clearing forested lands for use in agriculture or other purposes.
In English land law, it was illegal to assart any
part of a royal forest without permission. This was the greatest trespass that
could be committed in a forest, being more than a waste: while waste of the
forest involves felling trees and shrubs, which can regrow, assarting involves
completely uprooting all trees—the total extirpation of the forested area. The
term assart was also used for a parcel of land assarted. Assart rents were those
paid to the British Crown for the forest lands assarted.
The etymology is from the French word essarter
meaning to remove or grub out woodland. In northern England this is referred to
as ridding. In the Middle Ages, the land cleared was usually common land but
after assarting, the space became privately used. The process took several
forms. Usually it was done by one farmer who hacked
out a clearing from the woodland, leaving a hedged field. However, sometimes
groups of individuals or even entire villages did the work
and the results were divided into strips and shared among tenant farmers.
Monastic communities, particularly the Cistercians, sometimes assarted, as well as local lords. The cleared land often
leaves behind an assart hedge, which often contains a
high number of woodland trees such as small leafed
lime or wild service and contains trees that rarely colonise planted hedges,
such as hazel. Assarting has existed since Mesolithic times and often it
relieved population pressures. During the 13th century, assarting was very
active, but decreased with environmental and economic challenges in the 14th
century. The Black Death in the late 1340s depopulated the countryside and many
formerly assarted areas returned to woodland.
Assarting was described by landscape historian Richard Muir as typically being
"like bites from an apple" as it was usually done on a small scale but large areas were sometimes cleared. Occasionally,
people specialized in assarting and acquired the surname or family name of 'Sart'. Field names in Britain sometimes retain their origin
in assarting or colonisation by their names such as: 'Stocks'; 'Stubbings';
'Stubs'; 'Assart'; 'Sart';
'Ridding'; 'Royd'; 'Brake'; 'Breach'; or 'Hay'.
Nicholas de Farndale, born in about 1230
(FAR00006). The Farndale 1 Line.
The first personal name linked to Farndale. Nicholas de Farndale paid taxes to
the Eyre Court in 1280.
Nicolas de Stuteville’s
son Nicholas in 1232 quitclaimed common of pasture of Farndale to the Abbot of
St Mary’s, York.
1233
Nicholas de Stuteville the
Younger died, leaving two daughters and co-heirs, Joan wife of Hugh Wake and
Margaret, whose marriage had been granted to William de Mastac.
Passage of cattle rights, 1233 (FAR00007).
‘The Abbot grants that if the cattle of Nicholas or of his heirs or of his men
at Kikby, Fademor, Gillingmor or Farndale, hereafter enter upon the common of
the said wood and pasture of Houton, Spaunton and Farendale,
they shall have free way in and out without ward set;
provided they do not tarry in the said pasture.’ 17th year of the Reign of
Henry III.
1236
The Commons Act allowed manorial lords to
enclose common land for their own use.
1240
The earliest Inquisitions Post Mortem (“IPM”)
(escheats) recorded information regarding property, family descents and allienaces, especially between 1270 and 1350.
Hugh died in or about
1241, and Joan obtained the custody of his heirs until their full age. She
married, as her second husband, Hugh le Bigod, but as a widow was known as Joan
de Stutville.
1242
Gunpowder introduced into Europe.
1250
First
map of the British Isles by Matthew Paris.
The
Rotuli Hundredorum (“the Hundred Rolls”)
recorded the rights of the Crown over land and property.
Margaret was dead, and
Joan now had her lands.
Alan son of Nicholas
Farndale, born in about 1255 (FAR00011).
The Farndale 1 Line.
The son of Nicholas
Farndale, who we know about because he paid taxes.
1259
Normandy surrendered to France.
1264
The Battle of Lewes and the rise of Simon de Montfort
as the uncrowned King of England.
Civil War
Simon de Montfort was killed in 1265 at
the Battle of Evesham.
1265
De Willelmo de Farndale, 1265 (FAR00013). A Farndale name living in
Danby.
1267 to 1272
1271
1271 to 1272
Before Margaret’s death
she had enfeoffed in the manor of Kirkby Moorside her son Baldwin Wake. Baldwin
took homage of the King as her heir in 1276.
Edward
I (Longshanks), 1272-1307
The Fine Rolls recorded payments to the Crown for grants
and privileges.
1276
Only a few years later, the Inquisition Post Mortem taken after Joan’s death in 1276, reveals settlement
on a grand scale. In Farndale, bond tenants holding by acres and paying a
standard rent of 1-0d for each acre produced £27-5-0d, presumably for 545
acres. In East Bransdale, bondmen held another 141 acres paying a standard rent
of 6d per acre, but they are said to hold ‘by cultures’.
The significance of these terms is explained in the IPM of Joan’s Son, Baldwin
Wake, taken only six years later, where the bondmen are said to hold their land
‘not by the bovate of land, but by more or less’. Thus standard bovate holdings, usually in the lowlands and
in some of the older settled moorland villas, have been dispensed with in
favour of holdings of varied size rented by the acre.
Rent in Farndale, 1276 (FAR00017).
References to payment of
rent in Farndale. ‘Tenants in bondage, holding by acres, who pay £27 5s, that
is 12d per acre. Seven cottars in Farndale, pay 15s 8d. tenants in Duthenwayt in a certain plot in the moor, holding by plots
32s per year.
1279
The Statute of Mortmain prevented land being given to
the Church without royal licence.
1280
Farndale
poachers, 1280 (FAR00019). From sureties of persons indicted
for poaching and for not producing persons so indicted on the first day of the
Eyre Court in accordance with the suretieship due to
Richard Drye. There follows a long list of names including,…..1s
8d from Roger son of Gilbert of Farndale, bail from Nicholas de Farndale, 2s
from William the smith of Farndale 3s 4d from John the shepherd of Farndale,
and 3s 4d from Alan the son of Nicholas de Farndale.
Nicholas de Farndale, (FAR00006).
The Farndale 1 Line paid taxes
to the Eyre Court in 1280.
William the smith of
Farndale, born in about 1240 (FAR00009)
paid taxes to the Eyre Court
in 1280.
John the Shepherd of
Farndale, born in about 1250 (FAR00010)
paid taxes to the Eyre Court in 1280.
Baldwin Wake died in 1282
and was succeeded by his son and heir John, who was summoned to Parliament as
Lord Wake by Edward I.
The 1282 extent of cultivated land in Farndale shows a
considerable increase over that of 1276, but this probably means nothing more
than that a new and up-to-date survey was used as the basis for the later
document. The Farndale rents now amounted £ 38-8-8d together with a nut-rent
and a few boon works and if the rate of 1s 0d per acre still applied, this
would give a total acreage held in bondage of no less than 768 acres. In
Bransdale rents were up to £4-14-3d which would give us about 188 acres at the
old rent of 6d per acre. For the first time the number of bondmen are given - 25 in East Bransdale and 90 in Farndale.
The sheer scale is impressive enough, but there are
features which point to a planned campaign of settlement. It is difficult to
imagine how men of villain status, compelled to pay rents of 1s 0d per acre for
minute holdings of marginal land, could also have managed to undertake their
own assarting. It seems more likely that the land had been reclaimed in advance
of letting, as at Goathland, by the Lord’s agents, while the standard rents
suggest a single campaign on a large scale rather than piece meal assaulting. A number of key questions cannot be answered from the
sources we have used so far. Was settlement of the two Dales completed by 1282?
Where were the new farms located and how were they laid out?
Serfs of Farndale, 24 March 1282 (FAR00020).
In a certain dale called
Farndale there are fourscore and ten natives, not tenants by bovate of land.
1285
The Statute of Winchester led to Parish
Constables organised to question strangers and patrol towns to maintain the
peace.
1288
Piepowder Courts set up to try offenders at fairs and
markets.
The Taxatio
Ecclesiastica listed 8,500 churches and chapels
across the country.
1290
Lay Subsidy Rolls
began to record taxes imposed on the laity (commoners).
1293
Peter de Farndale, born in
about 1238 (FAR00008). The Farndale 2 Line. Peter
de Farndale, whose son Robert (FAR00012) was fined at Pickering Castle in 1293.
Robert son of
Peter de Farndale, born in about 1263 (FAR00012). The
Farndale 2 Line was
outlawed for hunting.
Roger milne (miller) of Farndale (FAR000013A), son of Peter (FAR00008) below together with Walter Blackhous and Ralph Helved, all of Spaunton on Monday in
January 1293, killed a soar and slew a hart with bows
and arrows at some unknown place in the forest. All outlawed
on 5th April 1293. (Say Roger 28 at the time then he was born about
1265).
1295
The first legally elected legislature,
the Model Parliament.
John enfeoffed the king of
his lands in 1298, and they were regranted to him and his wife Joan in fee
simple in the same year.
Joan outlived her husband, and was ‘lady of Liddell’ during the minority of
her son Thomas.
The custody of this boy
was granted to Henry de Percy, who transferred it to the Society of the Ballardi of Lucca. This was not ratified by the King, but
later ‘not recollecting the confirmation of the grant’, he “caused
the manor, then in the hands of the merchants, to be taken into his hands, and
he delivered it with fees &c, who since he has held the said manor has
received £340 out of the issues thereof, for which Henry de Percy has made
supplication to the King to caused satisfaction to be made to the merchants for
his exoneration.”
1300
Population reaches about 5 million.
Social mobility increased in England with
a growth of a mercantile, middle class.
1301
The lay subsidy assessments of 1301 afforded a brief
glimpse of the settlement pattern, listing numerous contributors bearing the
names of the farms which is still to be found at Farndale such as ‘Wakelevedy’ (Wake Lady Green), ‘Westgille’
(West Gill), Monkegate (Monket
House) and ‘Elleshaye (Eller House) and which are
scattered all around the dale. Further confirmation of this pattern is provided
by surveys of 1570 and 1610, both of which give the names of many more extent
farms and allow us to identify others from field names.
The total acreage in the two dales amounted to just
over 1300 acres compared to 950 acres in 1282 and the rents amounted £62
compared with £45 in 1282.
Farndale subsidies to the King, 1301 (FAR00029).
Thirty
five people in
Farndale paid a subsidy mainly for the upkeep of the Great Forest of Chartres.
De Johanne de Farndale, born in about 1275 (FAR00014).
De Johanne de Farndale who
had now moved yet further afield to Egton.
Edward
II, 1307-1327 (deposed)
1309
Simon de Farndale, born in
about 1282 (FAR00021).
The Farndale 4 Line.
Simon the miller of
Farndale. Simon the miller paid more rent than anyone in Farndale in 1309.
Simon de Farndale’s son Robert was fined at Pickering Castle in 1332.
1310
William Stibbing
of Farndale's oxen, 1310 (FAR00033).
‘In 1310, 20 oxen the
property of Nicholas the parker, worth 8s, 6 oxen and 3 stirks of William in
the horn worth £1 9s, a cow and a stirk of Hugh Laverock 4s 8d and 6 oxen of
William Stibbing de Farndale…….’
1315
1316
Nomina Villarum recorded names and
lordship in every town under royal jurisdiction.
Richard de Farndale, born in about 1275 (FAR00016). Richard de Farndale had a gift of
land at Marton (now part of Middlesborough) but was excommunicated for stealing
in 1316.
Thomas and Richard of Farndale, born in
about 1291 (FAR00023).
Thomas and Richard were
excommunicated at Pickering Castle for stealing on 12 August 1316.
1320
Adam de Farndale, born in about 1295 (FAR00025).
The Farndale 4 Line. An appeal by Agnes, late wife of
John de Maunby against Adam de Farndale for the death
of her husband on 21 Sep 1320.
1322
Robert of
Farndale, born in about 1292 (FAR00024). The
Farndale 2 Line. Robert was fined at Pickering
Castle for poaching in 1322.
1324
John de
Farndale, born in about 1298 (FAR00026). John de Farndale, released from
excommunication at Pickering
Castle on 9 Apr 1324.
Edward
III, 1327-1377
1328-1349
Walter de Farndale, born in
about 1275 (FAR00015) Walter de Farndale was a vicar
and we have several records about him. This might have been the same Walter de
Farndale, whose death by Hugh de Faulkes of Lebreston
was pardoned but on condition that Hugh de Faulkes joined an expedition against
the Scots.
1332
Simon de
Farndale, born in about 1282 (FAR00021). The
Farndale 4 Line. Simon
the miller of Farndale. Simon the miller paid more rent than anyone in Farndale
in 1309. Simon de Farndale’s son Robert was fined at Pickering Castle in 1332.
Robert of
Farndale, born in about 1307 (FAR00031). The
Farndale 4 Line. Outlawed
with others for hunting a hart in the forest in 1332.
1334-1335
Nicholas de
Farndale, born in about 1284 (FAR00022). The
Farndale 3 Line. Nicholas
of Farndale, gave bail for Roger son of Gilbert of Farndale who had been caught
poaching in 1334 and 1335.
Roger de Farndale, born in about 1300 (FAR00028).
The Farndale 3 Line.
Bailed for poaching in 1334
and 1335.
Sir William Farndale, vicar of Doncaster, born in
about 1335 (FAR00038)(the
Doncaster-Kirkleatham-Skelton Line).
1336
William, smith
of Farndale, born in abut 1310 (FAR00037). William, smith of Farndale, on
Monday 2 Dec 1336, came hunting in Lefebow with bow
and arrows and gazehounds………’
1337 to 1453
The Hundred Years War against France
1341
Nonarum Inquisitiones recorded a valuation for taxation
purposes.
1344-1345
Gilbert de Farndale,
born in about 1279 (FAR00018). The
Farndale 3 Line. Bailed
by Nicholas Farndale (FAR00022) for poaching in 1344 and 1345.
1345
The long wars with the Scots, involving the people of
Yorkshire, ended with an invasion by David II of Scotland in 1346, encouraged
by the French. He reached York, but failed to take the city.
Archbishop de la Zouche rallied
Yorkshiremen to resist the invasion and a crushing defeat was inflicted at
Neville's Cross. David was imprisoned.
Founding of a House of Friars, Farndale, 30
July 1345 (FAR00039).
‘At Reading. Licence for the
alienation in frank almoin by Thomas Wake of Lyde to
the friers of the Holy Order of the Holy Cross of a toft and 10 acres of land
in the moor of Blakenhowe in Farndale, for them to found
a house of the Order there and to build an Oratory and dwelling houses.’
1346
1347 to 1350
In rural areas, the heavier rate of mortality was in
the more densely populated East Riding.
As the plague subsided, there was widespread
movement of labourers and their families as workers sought more for their
labour.
1347-1348
William Smyth
of Farndale, 17 January 1348 (FAR00040)
commission
of oyer and terminer to a long list of names
including William Smyth of Farndale the younger and Richard Ruttok
of Farendale for breaking in to the park at Egton,
hunting and carrying away the property of the owner with deer, and for
assaulting the owner’s men and servants causing their inability to work for a
long time, for which they were fined 1 mark.
Thomas Wake remained in
possession of the relevant lands including Kirkbymoorside until he died in
1349.
His heir was his sister
Margaret, wife of Edmund Earl of Kent, whose son John succeeded her.
Walter de
Farndale, warden of the free chapel of Chelmsford, London (FAR00041A).
The Black Death
By 1349, merchant ships
transported rats carrying the black death to Britain. The black death soon
swept through the villages in the south and then the north of Britain. Soon it swept through most villages in Britain.
1350
The Fair at
Farndale, 1350 (FAR00041).
1351
The earliest surviving churchwarden
accounts including for Ripon and Hedon in Yorkshire.
John died three years
later, however without issue, and his sister Joan, ‘the fair maid of Kent’, was
his heir. Her first husband was Thomas Holand, created Earl of Kent in 1360, by
whom he had a son and heir Thomas Holand.
1353
Farndale folk, 1353 (FAR00042).
The manor with its members
in Farndale.
1354
John Colynman of
Farndale, 1354 (FAR00043).
‘At Westminster. Commission
of Oyer and Terminer to 20 May, John Colynman of Farnedale……….’
1355
Sir William
Farndale, vicar of Doncaster, born in about 1335 (FAR00038)(the Doncaster-Kirkleatham-Skelton Line) was
chaplain at Doncaster.
1357
Richard Farendale,
born perhaps in about 1357 (but to reconcile with date of his will) (FAR00044). The Sheriff Hutton 1 Line.
1358
William Farndale, born in about 1310 (FAR00034). The first recorded use of Farndale
as a surname without the ‘of’ or ‘de’. On 15 Oct 1358, a pardon was given by
the Sergeant at Arms to William Attwode for having
enfeoffed John de Banaby and William Farndale,
chaplains of the Manor of Derleye, held in chief, and
then re-entered into the Manor, which they quit-claimed to him without the
King’s licence and grant that he shall retain the same fee.’
1359
Helen Farndale, born in about 1359 in
Sheriff Hutton (FAR00045). The Sheriff Hutton 1 Line.
1360
The
Gough Map, the oldest surviving road map of Great
Britain.
Agnes Farndale,
born in about 1361 in Sheriff Hutton (FAR00046). The Sheriff Hutton 1 Line.
Transfer of the lands of
Kirkbymoorside (including lands in Farndale, Gillyngmore,
Brauncedale and Fademore)
from Thomas de Holand earl of Kent to his widow Joan. (FAR00046A)
1363
Johannis de Farndale, born in about 1303 (FAR00030).
The York 1 Line.
A saddler, made Freeman of York in 1363.
Later Joan married Edward
the Black Prince, with whom in 1365 she settled this manor on Thomas and Alice
his wife and their heirs, with reversion to the prince and herself.
1366
Farndale folk, 10 February 1366 (FAR00047). Reference to folk of Farndale.
‘At Westminster. Commission of Oyer and Terminer…William Blakhose
of Farndale….John Cokrell
the younger of Farndale….’
1368
Sir William Farndale, vicar of Doncaster, born in
about 1335 (FAR00038)(the
Doncaster-Kirkleatham-Skelton Line) had land transferred to him at Lovershall, Doncaster.
1367
Johannis de Farendale,
born in about 1330 (FAR00035).
The York 1 Line.
Johannis was made a Freeman
of York in 1367.
1369
1370
The emergence of peasant farmers (yeoman class) with up
to 100 acres.
William Farndale of Caleys,
7 May 1370 (FAR00047A).
Pardon to William Farndale
of Caleys of the King's suit for the death of John de
Spaldyngton, whereof he is indicted or appealed, and
of any consequent outlawry.
1372
Farndale folk, 20 November 1372 (FAR00048).
Reference to folk of
Farndale caught hunting. ‘At Westminster. Commission of Oyer and Terminer. John
porter of Farndale ….Hugh Bailey of Farndale. Adam
Bailley of Farndale…..caught hunting.’
1377
William Langdale’s poem, Piers Plowman
provides significant description of medieval farming practices.
Earliest records from the Court of Common
Pleas.
Richard
II (1377-1399) (deposed)
A Poll Tax levied on almost every
individual except paupers.
1381
The Peasants Revolt prompted by the Poll Tax in towns
and country.
1383
Margorie Farndale, born in about 1383 (FAR00049). The Sheriff Hutton 1 Line.
1384
to 1390 (with an entry for 1445)
John Farndale, born in about 1354 (FAR00042A).
John was a party to a major
livestock haul. ‘John Farndale and others broke their close, houses and hedges
at Wittonstalle and Fayrhils,
Co Northumberland and seized 30 horses, 20 mares, 100 oxen and 100 cowes valued at £200 and carried them off with goods and
chattels, assaulted his men, servants and tenants and so threatened them that
they left his service.’ and other events.
1385
Agnes Farndale, born in about 1385 (FAR00050). The Sheriff Hutton 1 Line.
John Farndale, born in about 1385 (FAR00051A).
1387
Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales.
Alice Farndale, born in about 1387 (FAR00051). The Sheriff Hutton 1 Line.
1388
Licence on 19 November 1388 for the
inhabitants of Farndale to have masses celebrated in the chapel of Farndale (FAR00041).
1396
Pardon to Robert de Wodde of Farndale, 19
April 1396 (FAR00053).
Pardon for the death of John
Hawlare of Kirby Moorseved.
In 1397 Thomas Earl of
Kent died and Alice was left in possession for life. Of her sons, Thomas the
Elder was beheaded as
a traitor in 1399 and his brother Edmund died before his mother in 1408, when
the earldom of Kent fell into abeyance.
William Farnedale
of Shyrefhoton, born in about 1332 (FAR00036).
The Sheriff Hutton 1
Line. William
Farnedale of Shyrefhoton’s
Will was proved on 13 Mar 1397/8.
1397
– 1403
Sir William Farndale, vicar of Doncaster, born in
about 1335 (FAR00038)(the
Doncaster-Kirkleatham-Skelton Line) was Vicar at Doncaster Cathedral.
1398
Pardon to Robert de Wodde of Farndale, 19
April 1396 (FAR00053).
Pardon for the death of John
Hawlare of Kirby Moorseved.
House
of Lancaster
Henry
IV, 1399-1413
1400
1408
Johannes (John) Fernedill,
born in about 1378 (FAR00048A).
The York 1 Line.
Butcher and freeman of York.
Johannes Fernedill, boucher,
made Freeman of York.
Henry
V, 1413-1422
1415
Henry
VI, 1422-1461 (deposed)
1422
Reference to Tydkinhowe,
28 May 1422 (FAR00055).
The Tidkinhow Line were a
line of Farndales who farmed at Tidkinhow farm from the mid nineteenth century.
1428
William Farndayll,
born in about 1388 (FAR00052).
Possibly the Sheriff Hutton 1 Line. In 1428 William Farndayll
of Huton held at Gowthorpe
in the East Riding, three bovates of land, part of the Archbishopric of York.
1429
The right to vote to
men over 21 or owning freehold land.
1440
Johannes Gutenberg’s
printing press.
1446
William Farndale (FAR00056A).
William’s wife was
wrongfully deprived of her inherited lands. “To The Archbishop of Canterbury
and Chancellor of England. Rose Farndale, plaintiff, late wife of William
Farndale that John Reignold of Dodynghurst,
Co Essex, husbandman, sold to said William for a sum agreed and paid, a
tenement set in Dodynghurst aforesaid, called Whitefeldes ‘tenement’ with a garden and two fields, one
called Hornefeld and the other Barnefeld
and the said john Reignold promised to make
‘sufficient estate thereof’ to said William or to whom he would advise; before
any estate made thereof the same William made his will by which he willed that
the plaintiff should have the said tenement and land to her and her heirs for
ever. Since his death the plaintiff has required said John Reignold
to make estate of the premises to her and to her heirs and he has refused and
has entered into the said lands and occupies them
contrary to all reason and conscience.” Doddinghurst
is a Parish in SW Essex near Brentford.
1450
A map of Goole Moor (Inclesmoor)
and Thorne Moor in south Yorkshire relating to a land
dispute.
1453
The loss of all French lands except
Calais.
The War of the Roses.
1461
Many thousands died during the Battle of Towton in
Yorkshire.
Edward
IV, 1461-1483
Edward
V, 1483-1483
Richard
III, 1483-1485
The
End of the Wars of the Roses
1483
The founding of the College of Arms.
1485
Henry
VII, 1485-1509
1492
Christopher Columbus reached America.
The Fall of Granada and the Moors were
expelled from Spain.
1495
The Vagabonds and Beggars Act allowed the punishment of
the poor.
The licensing of alehouses began.
1498
Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape and sailed to India.
1508-1509
Robert Farndale, born in about 1460 (FAR00056).
The Sussex Line.
Rector of South Stoke, Sussex. Robert
Farndale, presented to the college of Holy Trinity in 1508, resigning in 1509.
Henry
VIII, 1509-1547
1512
An estimated date for the birth of Nicholas
Farndale, possibly in or near Campsall, north of Doncaster.
1513
The
Battle of Flodden Field
1515
Conversion
of land from arable to pasture became an offence.
Cardinal
Wolsey, Archbishop of York and Lord Chancellor,
1515-1530
1516
An estimated date for the birth of Agnes (later
Farndale), possibly in or near Campsall, north of Doncaster.
1519
Ferdinand
Magellan began his circumnavigation of the world.
1523
The
Great Subsidy on all individuals over 16 years old. A long list of taxpayers were included in the returns.
1524
Thomas fyndaille,
born in about 1484 (FAR00057).
Thomas fyndaille
of Lythe, mentioned in a Lay Subsidy of Henry
VIII.
1535
A
detailed survey of church wealth
1536
The
Dissolution of the monasteries 1536 to 1539
The
Pilgrimage of Grace in Lincolnshire and East Riding of Yorkshire in opposition
to the dissolution of the monasteries (rebels were executed).
A
poor law act allowed vagrants to be whipped.
1537
The
foundation of the Honourable Artillery Company, the oldest regiment in the
British Army.
A
possible date for the marriage of Nicholas and Agnes Farndale, perhaps in or
near Campsall.
1539
William
Farndale (FAR00063), may have
been born in around 1539 in or around Doncaster.
John Leland’s journey through
England and Wales published in the 5 volume The Itinerary.
1540
Jean
Farndale (FAR00064), may have
been born in around 1540 in or around Doncaster.
The
Statute of Wills permitted freehold land to be bequeathed.
1545
The
Mary Rose sank.
Edward
VI, 1547-1553
The
Vagabonds Act allowed the branding and enslavement of beggars deemed capable of
work.
1548
The
Book of Common Prayer introduced a new liturgy.
1549
Kett’s
rebellion in Norfolk against enclosure of land.
1551
The
Alehouse Act to combat drunkenness.
1552
The
Poor Act banned begging and authorised a Collector of Alms in each parish to
keep a register of licensed poor.
1553
Lady
Jane Grey 1553 (9 days)
Mary
I (Bloody Mary), 1553-1558
280
Protestants burned at the stake.
Wyatt’s
Rebellion against the marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain.
Elizabeth
I, 1558-1603
The
practical start date for parish records.
1559
The
Act of Uniformity laid the basis for the Protestant Church in England.
1564
William Farndale married Margaret Atkinson at St Mary
Magdalene Church in Campsall on 29 October 1564.
1564
to 1567
The possible emigration of Nicholas and Agnes Farndale,
with their family William and Margaret Farndale, and Jean Farndale, to
Kirkleatham and Skelton in Cleveland, moving the heart of the Farndale family
from south of the North York Moors to Cleveland and norther of the North York
Moors for the following generations.
1567
Jean Farndaile married
Richard Fairley at Kirkleatham on 16 October 1567.
1570
The growth of Presbyterianism.
The estimated year of birth of George
Farndale, probably the son of William and Margaret Farndale.
1572
6 August 1572 is the known date
of the burial of Nicholas Farndale in Kirkleatham.
1579
Christopher
Saxton’s country maps of England and Wales.
1581
Recusancy
(not attending Anglican services, especially by Catholics) became a criminal
offence.
1583
Newfoundland
claimed as a colony of England.
1586
23 January 1586 is the known date of the burial of
Agnes Farndale in Kirkleatham.
William
Camden’s Britannia was the first
topographical survey of England.
1588
The
Spanish Armada, 1588.
1592
George
Farndale had moved to Moorsholm.
1595
George
Farndale married Margery Nelson.
The
Nine Years War began in Ireland against England.
1600
The
East India Company began to trade in the Far East.
Population
reached 4.8 million.